Realtors rely on detailed property appraisals—conducted using appraisal tools—to assign market values to houses and other properties. These values are then presented to buyers and sellers to set price
Running head: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 0 Research Methodologies Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Research Methodologies Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Full citation Kitaoka, T., Morimoto, M., Hashimoto, T., Tsuda, Y., Nakatsu, T., & Kyotani, S. (2020). Evaluation of the efficacy of drug treatment based on measurement of the oxidative stress, using reactive oxygen metabolites and biological antioxidant potential, in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-020-00164-w Sharda, M., Tuerk, C., Chowdhury, R., Jamey, K., Foster, N., Custo-Blanch, M., … Hyde, K. (2018). Music improves social communication and auditory-motor connectivity in children with autism. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0287-3 Yu, Y., Chaulagain, A., Pedersen, S. A., Lydersen, S., Leventhal, B. L., Szatmari, P., … Skokauskas, N. (2020). Pharmacotherapy of restricted/repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2477-9 Cooper, K., Loades, M., & Russell, A. (2018). Adapting psychological therapies for autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 45, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.002 Why you chose this article and how it relates to the issue of interest (a brief explanation of the ethics of research) The article evaluates the potency of the pharmacotherapeutic approach in ASD patients based on the measurement of oxidative stress. However, the article focuses on autistic patients that manifest attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The overall goal of the article is to assess the efficacy of treatment which is related to my clinical issue ASD patients have neurodevelopmental disorders including auditory and communication deficiencies. This study was therefore relevant to my clinical issue The article is a literature review on the treatment of ASD patients with restricted/repetitive behaviors. This is a non-experimental study therefore it has little ethical concerns. This article explores behavioral therapy including CBT in treating depression as well as ASD related emotional issues. The study also evaluates the skills needed by healthcare workers tasked with caring for ASD patients. Brief description of the aims of the study The study evaluates the use of oxidative stress markers such as levels reactive oxygen metabolites in serum in assessing the efficacy of pharmacological treatment in ASD/ADHD patients The study assesses the outcomes of music intervention compared to non-music intervention on brain connectivity and social communication. The purpose of the study was to review and evaluate the efficacy of current medications prescribed for RRBs in autism The study surveys therapists’ skills and experience when working with ASD patients as well as highlighting the gaps and needs that need to be considered. Brief description of research methodology (quantitative or qualitative) The study included 50 subjects. Eligibility criteria included patients already diagnosed with ASD/ADHD. Measures included indicators of oxidative stress and indicators of antioxidant capacity. The study was an experimental quantitative study. The study utilized a quantitative approach which involved measures such as age, gender, verbal IQ as well as social communication The study was a qualitative one that involved searching research databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus for relevant literature. Relevant publications were retrieved then analyzed. The study took a qualitative approach. A total of 50 therapists participated in the study. They took a training event and completed a survey on their experiences utilizing CBT in autistic patients. Strengths of the research including validity and reliability The study had several limitations. For instance, the environmental factors were not accounted for even though such factors can potentially impact study findings. Nonetheless, the sample size was not sufficient. These negatively impacted the validity and reliability of the study results. The sample size was quite modest based on eligibility criteria. This improved the validity of the research findings The findings from previous research studies were consistent with the current findings. This boosted the reliability of the study. There were no particular strengths of the study. However, the is notable bias as the therapists were self-selected are may not be a representative of all the therapists working with ASD patients General notes/comments The positive study results indicate that oxidative stress markers may be used, however, further research using a larger sample size might be appropriate. Future research should focus on identifying specific individuals whose profiles could benefit most from music therapy The study had numerous limitations hence research studies on other mechanisms of reducing RRBs in ASD patients should be explored. The data on knowledge and experience was not stratified hence further research is crucial to inform therapists on developments in CBT. References Cooper, K., Loades, M., & Russell, A. (2018). Adapting psychological therapies for autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 45, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.002 Kitaoka, T., Morimoto, M., Hashimoto, T., Tsuda, Y., Nakatsu, T., & Kyotani, S. (2020). Evaluation of the efficacy of drug treatment based on measurement of the oxidative stress, using reactive oxygen metabolites and biological antioxidant potential, in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-020-00164-w Sharda, M., Tuerk, C., Chowdhury, R., Jamey, K., Foster, N., Custo-Blanch, M., … Hyde, K. (2018). Music improves social communication and auditory-motor connectivity in children with autism. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0287-3 Yu, Y., Chaulagain, A., Pedersen, S. A., Lydersen, S., Leventhal, B. L., Szatmari, P., … Skokauskas, N. (2020). Pharmacotherapy of restricted/repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2477-9
Realtors rely on detailed property appraisals—conducted using appraisal tools—to assign market values to houses and other properties. These values are then presented to buyers and sellers to set price
Evaluation Table Use this document to complete the evaluation table requirement of the Module 4 Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 4A: Critical Appraisal of Research Full APA formatted citation of selected article. Article #1 Article #2 Article #3 Article #4 Evidence Level * (I, II, or III) Conceptual Framework  Describe the theoretical basis for the study (If there is not one mentioned in the article, say that here).** Design/Method  Describe the design and how the study was carried out (In detail, including inclusion/exclusion criteria). Sample/Setting  The number and characteristics of patients, attrition rate, etc. Major Variables Studied List and define dependent and independent variables Measurement Identify primary statistics used to answer clinical questions (You need to list the actual tests done). Data Analysis Statistical or Qualitative findings  (You need to enter the actual numbers determined by the statistical tests or qualitative data). Findings and Recommendations General findings and recommendations of the research Appraisal and Study Quality Describe the general worth of this research to practice.  What are the strengths and limitations of study?  What are the risks associated with implementation of the suggested practices or processes detailed in the research?  What is the feasibility of use in your practice?  Key findings Outcomes General Notes/Comments *These levels are from the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice: Evidence Level and Quality Guide  Level I Experimental, randomized controlled trial (RCT), systematic review RTCs with or without meta-analysis Level II Quasi-experimental studies, systematic review of a combination of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental studies only, with or without meta-analysis Level III Nonexperimental, systematic review of RCTs, quasi-experimental with/without meta-analysis, qualitative, qualitative systematic review with/without meta-synthesis Level IV Respected authorities’ opinions, nationally recognized expert committee/consensus panel reports based on scientific evidence Level V Literature reviews, quality improvement, program evaluation, financial evaluation, case reports, nationally recognized expert(s) opinion based on experiential evidence **Note on Conceptual Framework The following information is from Walden academic guides which helps explain conceptual frameworks and the reasons they are used in research. Here is the link https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframework Researchers create theoretical and conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological model to help design their work. A formal theory provides context for the outcome of the events conducted in the research. The data collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework. As stated by Grant and Osanloo (2014), “Without a theoretical framework, the structure and vision for a study is unclear, much like a house that cannot be constructed without a blueprint. By contrast, a research plan that contains a theoretical framework allows the dissertation study to be strong and structured with an organized flow from one chapter to the next.” Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic standards and procedure. They also offer an explanation of why the study is pertinent and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature. Literature does not always clearly delineate between a theoretical or conceptual framework. With that being said, there are slight differences between the two.  References The Johns Hopkins Hospital/Johns Hopkins University (n.d.). Johns Hopkins nursing dvidence-based practice: appendix C: evidence level and quality guide. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/evidence-based-practice/_docs/appendix_c_evidence_level_quality_guide.pdf    Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your” House”. Administrative Issues Journal: Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12-26. Walden University Academic Guides (n.d.). Conceptual & theoretical frameworks overview. Retrieved October 23, 2019 from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframework